Author :
Abstract
Bu çalışmanın amacı, iki dilliliğin tanımlanması ve kimlerin iki dilli olarak kabul edilmesiyle ilgili farklı yaklaşımları incelemek ve bu alanda çalışan araştırmacılara kavramsal bir çerçeve oluşturmaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda iki dillikle ilgili alan yazın taraması yapılmış, bu alanda öne çıkan araştırmacıların kitap ve makaleleri taranarak konuyla ilgili görüş farklılıkları saptanmış ve değerlendirilmiştir. İki dillilik yaş, edinim biçimi, edinim koşulları, ana dile maruz kalıp kalmama durumu, her iki dildeki yetkinlik düzeyi gibi pek çok değişkene bağlı olarak tanımlanabilen bir kavram olduğu için, bu kavramın tanımlanması hakkında farklı görüşler bulunmaktadır. “İki dillilik” terimi, yaygın olarak iki farklı dili kullanma becerisi kazanmış bireyleri belirtmek için kullanılmakla birlikte, oldukça karmaşık, sosyal, psikolojik ve dilbilimsel bir olgudur. Kimi dilbilimciler bireyin iki dilli olabilmesi için her iki dilde de eşit yetkinliğe sahip olması gerektiğini ileri sürerken, kimi araştırmacılar bu görüşe karşı çıkmakta ve bireyin iki dilli olabilmesi için iki dili de kusursuz şekilde konuşmasının gerekli olmadığını ileri sürmektedirler. Bireyin iki dilli sayılabilmesi için ikinci dili kritik dönemden önce edinmesi gerekliliğini belirten araştırmacıların yanında, ikinci dili yetişkinken öğrenen bireyleri de iki dilli olarak kabul eden araştırmacılar bulunmaktadır. Kimi araştırmacılara göre ise iki dillilik, iki tek dilli konuşurun toplamı değildir; kültürel kimlikle de yakından ilgilidir. İki dillilik, iki dili de birbirinin yerine dönüşümlü ve birbirinin alternatifi olarak kullanabilme yetisidir.
Keywords
Abstract
The aim of this study is to examine the different approaches to the definition of bilingualism and those who are considered to be bilinguals and to create a conceptual framework for the researchers working in this field. For this purpose, a literature review was conducted, the books and articles of the prominent researchers in this field were examined, and differences of opinion were determined and evaluated. Since bilingualism can be defined depending on many variables, such as age, way of acquisition, acquisition conditions, the status of the mother tongue, the level of competence in both languages, there exist different opinions concerning the definition of this concept. The term "bilingualism" is a highly complex social, psychological, and linguistic phenomenon, commonly used to describe individuals who have acquired the ability to use two different languages. While some linguists argue that an individual should have equal competences in both languages in order to be called bilingual, the others stand against this point of view and maintain that being able to speak both languages impeccably is not an indispensable condition of bilinguality. Alongside with those researchers who indicate that in order to be called a bilingual one should acquire the second language before the critical period, there are those who consider people that have learnt a foreign language in adulthood also as bilinguals. According to some researchers, bilingualism is not the sum of two monolingual speakers; it is also closely related to cultural identity. Bilingualism is the ability to use both languages alternately and as an alternative to each other.
Keywords
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